What Year Do we Acknowledge ?

 Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC,  NASA calendar adjustments for history: ( Nostradamus date for some claims of  ‘ in the year of 2001, 11 September, from the skies comes a great king of terror.’ Espenak  writes “Our modern calendar system was devised in the sixth-century by the monk Dionysius Exiguous. This calendar begins on January 1 of the year 1. A.D., not year 0 A.D. A little 3 rd grade arithmetic will tell you that the First Century ended on December 31, 100 A.D. , and not 99 A.D. Similarly, the First Millennia ended on December 31, 2000 A.D.[...]. According to NASA, “The Second Millennium ends of December 31 st 2000: Not 1999 as was erroneously reported by the media last year. ” (Chadwick, Ian, Blame the Madness of Denis the Short: The New Millennium stated January 1, 1001 – it did NOT begin in 2000 ( Canada: last updated 3 April 2005, accessed 19 August 2010), available online ).

  notes: Language of the first line:  Provinçial, an indicative to the vernacular of Southern France of this time period. There is no scholarly dispute that the first line of the poem defines the year-date as clearly stated ‘in the year of 1999 [...]. The dispute lies in the ambiguous French language for the abbreviation of a month. ‘Sept Mois’ is literally translated as ‘Seventh Month’ or it could be seven months. sept: has a literal meaning in French as the number 'seven [th]'. Its earlier roots are to the indo-European language for the numerical symbol for seven.  In major academic circles around the world, European humanities and social science departments focusing on the medieval age of France, and even into the European renaissance period(s) still do not understand to which calendar each region was using at any particular time.  My methodology was to see if actual year-dates changed after Easter, and to look for this type of evidence in the prime sources. Yes, they were there and I give to examples below. So placing a modern calendar framework over a sixteenth century calendric observation is complex. How do you relate it to the modern people of the world that just as their were two camps, Protestant and Catholic there were two calendar systems being promulgated during the Northern Renaissance Period (1500- 1606).

While Nostredame used the Julian Calendar's New Years as the 1st of January as the beginning of each yearly cycle for his almanachs, the civil calendars all over Europe had been using the Liturgical calendar system for hundreds of years, to which about one and a half centuries later England finally adopted the 1st of January system -- preferring to the be the last state to adopt such a unified system of dates. Venice begun the initial change to start-off the Renaissance's programme  and then changed back to again change later to January 1 st. The date in history for 1 January could only be read by a humanist.  They would learn that the calendar had systematically readopted ancient Imperial Rome as their model. It was under the Imperial Rome period that Classical Latin, to which meant one could attain the title of  a ‘humanist’ if a person had mastered the language along with a mastery of their own native language, and perhaps one other contemporary language to boot.  Europe progressed from the Church’s liturgical calendar which began the year beginning around Easter to which had a tradition of the Spring Equinox demarcation of the year as a calendar for Neo-Babylonia ( a lunar-solar calendar system, adopted by the Hebrews and others).  Whites fighting browns, Rome against Iberia ( appx. modern day Spain) had suspended their adoption of the Neo-Babylonia calendar to implement an election of a counsel – General for a need of imperialistic war – thus converting the New Years’ Day to an arbitrary date of January 1 st.

Under this prescript, the Julian Calendar was advocated but not officially adopted  universally as there were no central governing bodies in Europe until the Treaty of Westphalia and after this began the long road to a unifying-state committee to meet on arbitration, such as the United Nations operates today, ideas of forming common time-frames for a universal application. It is like most of the world is using one system of measurement, the ‘metric system,’ while some few countries keep their own unique system of measurement ( U.S.A., Britain, as examples).  When Nostradamus says ‘seventh month’ it does not imply July or our modern numerical count of months because he did not live under this system and traditionally September as a word has its roots as the numerical number of seven.  Ironically I found hardly any academic who could figure this out and the reason Nostradamus used 1 January for his almanacks were a result of humanistic traditions or bring the past glory days of Rome to the minds and ideas of a Golden Age Europe.  This means that there were many traditions, but literally Nostradmaus’ X.LXXII does not have to imply an Imperialistic Roman Calendar that was justified as a New Years’ Day on 1 January 153 B.C.E. to implement war, carnage, death, imperialism, and sorrow.

Although, recently it has been argued by some NASA columnists with some merit, and also to warrant a ongoing debate that because there was never a year zero, that at the end of the year of 2000 is the actual start of the new millennia. Therefore the correct millennial date  is counted as 2001,  of January 1st, 2001. If working with literal and scriptural history, September provides the linguistically used word for ‘seven,’  and if we choose to place the date of this quatrain at September 2001. Modern historians believe that Nostradamus understood the future calendar changes but did not understand the future because they future cannot be understood. I understand this is a confusing thing to wrap your mind around, but it is a normal ploy of academics to twist your mind into pretzels, to argue their bias perspectives. Therefore, July 1st, 1999 is the actual date of Nostradmaus’ X.LXXII.

Furthermore, because of the Gregorian Calendar reforms, implemented after Nostradamus, the Seventh Month abrogated actually occurs on the 11th of September. Therefore, 11 September 2001 of the quatrains evaluated, a contemporary date reads like a true prophecy – in the year of 2001, 11 September, from the skies comes a great king of terror. It is up to the reader if some type of world event fits that description or not.

Sept: Literal meaning is 'Seven [th].'

Nostradamus writes on the zodiac angles in relation to the calendar.

The New Year begun around the time of Easter as attested too in many prime sources from the 16th century. There is no evidence that Nostradamus dated his Les Propheties to the Julius Caesar/ Roman Empire Calendar System. There is no evidence that Nostradamus tells us any such thing, nor even a hint at a preference.

Nostradamus writing in 1559 from one of his yearly almanacks claims “The Summer begin[s] the xii [12th] of Iune [ June]” ( Venice, Italy ( ephemerid Jul. Cal.) Mon. 12 June, 1559, 1:03.30 pm, L.M.T.; Sid. Time. 7:02:16; U.T. 12:12:36 is over once second of arc to 00°CAN00’01”).  Of course he is speaking about the time Europe celebrates the Summer Solstice, when the Sun is at its Zenith point in the tropics of Cancer. Although the Julian divisions were still in use which caused all the trouble that the Gregorian corrections were needed, the equinoxes and solstices did not line up to their respected days. Thus the Gregorian Reformation, as it were needs of the people to correct much of this anomaly. Nostradamus in the same almanack further states, “...and continues until the xiii [13th] of Septēber [...] (Venice, Italy  ,Wed. 13 September, 1559 (Jul. Cal.) , 11;57 p.m. L.M.T.; Sid. Time 0:04:43). Although the original 1559 almanack is lost or in some private collection, Nostradamus’ secretary Chavigny recorded it and published some outtakes in the later part of the sixteenth century.  So  began on the 13th of September of the year of 1559 the division of fall. When we place the Gregorian Calendar reforms into this date, we get a different pattern. The Solstices and equinoxes fall around the early 20s of their respected months. March 21-23, and rarely 20th are vernal equinoxes in our modern Gregorian Calendar system, and the same dates apply for June around the Summer Solstice.  Therefore, if you take 11 September 2001 and subtract 10 or 11 days one gets the calendar contemporary date of 1st of September 1999. That said, the line in Nostradamus’ X. LXXII reads as 1st September 1999 but reads for our current calendar as 11th September 2001.

Continuing, Nostradamus writes, “Autumn begins on the 13th of September and ends on the 12th of December.” Nostradamus was born on the 14th of December so Astrologers place his sun sign in the early degrees of the tropical sign of Capricorn.  Contemporary academics who prescribe a theory that Nostradamus was in fact dumb cannot make up their mind if Nostradamus was actually born on the 24th of December or as they put it a misreported 14th of December. For example, Manilius (Astronimica 4. 773-777) gives us Theogenes’ coordinates, a local Roman astrologer who had constructed Marcus Agrippa’s horoscope in favorability; and Augustus needing some help to offset the soothsayers predicting his assassination had asked him to construct his chart. Academics such as Brind’Amore failed at reconstructing the horoscope because he could not rectify the planet-angle placements, and in fact could not figure out the year conversions. But that was not all he failed at as well.

Brind’Amore tells us that Nostradamus was a horrible astrologer, so we need to take his assessments with a grain of salt. It appears after an investigation he had faulty ephemerides, claimed conjunctions during wrong years, could not figure out dates, and had various contentious ideas about all astrologers.  If you reconstruct Theogenes’ coordinates to sidereal, not tropical, positions, one gets exactly what Manilius as to the positions of Augustus’ natal angles, luminaries, fortunes, and planets. With modern astrological software, these chart constructions can be done in a matter of minuets. Brind’Amore apparently did not understand that there was no year zero, so he though Augustus was born in 64 or 63 B.C.E.; and for the confirmation of arrogance, Brind ‘Amore concluded that Roman Astrologers were just as stupid as Nostradamus – they could not construct an astrology chart (cf. Brind’Amore, in his work Le Calendrier romain, 58.). Brind’Amore was left to assume that astrologers were not competent because no textual recording of their positions had matched the year of 63 AD in which they assumed was the translation for the calendar year of Augustus’ birthday. Sources are from Suetonius ( Augustus 5) who states that he was born a.d. IX Kal. Oct., & (Manilius Astronimica, line 773, book iv) Hesperiam sua Libra tenet, qua condita Roma orbis et imperium retinem discrimina rerum, iancibus et positas gentes tdlitque premitque, quagenitus Caesar melins nunc condidt urbem et propriis frenat pendentem nutibus orbem ( / line 779). I use Manilius (4. 773-777) who says that Augustus was born under a Libra Sun, Moon in Capricorn in the 5 th house, and Mars conjunct Saturn in the eighth house and Jupiter exalted in the 10 th house. These aspects, used under a sidereal construction, not geocentric-Placidus, because that places the Sun in Virgo in the late degrees, and Placidus is a renaissance man, was not born during the Roman Periods,  but the sidereal calculations places the Sun about 0 degrees 6 minuets of Libra.

The Moon for Augustus’ chart was communicated in Capricorn. Why Augustus had the fish-goat placed on the silver coin? Well only his Moon is signified in the symbol of Capricorn which had been combined in ancient times with one end of the Sagittarius zodical sign considered then a part of a fish. For the all the ‘academic’ struggle Bring’Amore could never get the Moon into the sign of Capricorn and achieve a Libra ascendant. Perhaps he should try not to have used a sixteenth century astrological –horoscopes house system ( Placidus) over the Roman Empire sidereal and equal house systems.  Brind’Amore is promoted by the academic anti-rational controllers on Nostradamus Wikipedia as an authoritative source.

Manilius writing in the period of Octavian, and a generation after Virgil and had modeled his work on Virgil’s Georgics ( he wanted to show everyone he could communicate difficult concepts in Latin meter verse), dedicated Astronimica to Octavian and records his birth and this conflicts with Theogenes biography of Suetonius in which Octavian’s birth is mis-recorded for the year of 63 B.C.E. Bring’Amore  with no astronomical or astrological training, determines that Suetonius’ data is authoritative.

Octavian soon came into a rivalry to obtain control of Rome with Marc Anthony. Like Akbar the Mūghal, or earlier the 1203 into Bengal (Pre-Sultanic India 1206-1526) a massive public relation campaign ensued to win public exposure eventuating to state acceptance. Octavian commenced statues of himself and minted silver coins with his face on one side and the sea-goat symbolizing the zodiac sign of Capricorn, his lunar Moon sign,  but more importantly the Roman mythology that Saturn came over from Greece to Rome to begun the Roman Republic – i.e. the golden age.  This symbol was a key to understanding his own promulgation of his own horoscope. His Moon was in Capricorn. That was important to communicate to the public. It was nocturnal, so thus his Moon had extended fortune.

But the most remarkable thing was during this public relations campaign, Octavian published his horoscope. It was near impossible to ascertain a royalty horoscope because so many street astrologers and soothersayers, if adept could use it as a psychological tool to advocate leadership change – by identifying the potential death date of a leader and even a potential assassination.

Many historians puzzling on the birth date of Octavian fully confused Suetonius’ incorrect data in which they took as gospel too which they could not place planets into Capricorn nor could they place the Sun into Libra in which corroborating evidence intended that Octavian was a solar Libra and lunar Capricorn. Octavian by publishing his horoscope allowed astrologers like Manilius to record the recorrect data placing the houses related to the luminaries and as well as the pertaining planets.  Unfortunately  Bring’Amore’s own mistakes frustrated himself and he as all leftists do blame everyone else for his own mistakes.  Then other Nostradamians will tell the public that Bring’Amore knows what he is doing because they have no idea of what they are doing but claim authority. Sad, when they complicate things professing they are academics and went to an established University. Everyone else who is not privileged as they are, ultimately are wrong on everything in life unless they agree with their own point of view.

Manilius represented another concerned person of history who was resolute to correct the misidentification of the calendar discrepancies. During the Roman Republic and onto the classical Roman Empire period, the calendar was consistently changed. As Christianity took hold of Europe and western Asia a need to codify a unifying single mark in history, that of Jesus birth was implemented so that everyone could be attached to a singular calendar system – which of course was solely thought of in economic expediency terms: drawing up contracts, time-tables for deliveries, etc.... commerce. Thenwherewithall, after Rome had fallen, the knowledge of the Roman achievements disappeared from western civilization. It was during this northern portion of the European Renaissance that brought back the progressive reintroduction of the 1st of January as the start of the year. The 1st of January as the start of the year was not celebrated in France until decades after Nostradamus was gone. Nostradamus ahead of his times, as other European almanacks publishers following the footsteps of the humanists promoting the recovery of the past, thus published their almanacks in Romanic calendrics.

Calendar Wars

  Old Roman Latin Septembre; September.

This is a strait forward year date (timestamp). Nostradamus rarely placed a time stamp on his quatrains. He did this to particular quatrains to show the world events that had changed History. (Time focus of quatrain) . Bearing scholastic and spiritual interpretations,  this date is multi – expressional – noting that the exact date is paramount to eliciting the further ramifications of these extending scholastic and spiritual date/calendar interpretations. Sosigenes of Alexandria, perhaps, appropriated the more simplistic tropical year. -- in which date confusion for the millennia and the new era replaced an older style of beginning the New Year during the Spring when floods in the Nile Valley and new growth signaled a ‘renewal’ of life – thus the expression of a New Year.

The tropical year was broken up into four distinct parts and then divided into three parts of the four. The four parts were the Spring and Autumn equinoxes and the Summer and Winter solstices. Saturnalia, a major social-class reversal-festival took place when work was slow – thus it was celebrated close to the winter Solstice – in the northern Hemisphere. Eventually, this pagan ritual was replaced by a religious usurpation to that of Christmas, celebrated at different times of the winter, usually toward the end of December (which means the tenth month). Most scholars note that animals were grazing during Jesus’ birth so therefore, he had to been birthed in either the Spring, Summer or Fall.

Most interpreters placed July 1st of the year of 1999 as the normative calendric statement by Nostredame. However, July is actually the fifth month of the ancient Calendar; its original name before Julius Caesar had usurped a calendar discourse ( in 46 BCE, in use by 45 BCE) was Quintilis. Thus Sextilis (Six) was renamed by Roman Emperor Augustus who in competition with Julius who desired his own month that was named after himself. However, Romans began their New Year in January since 153 B.C.E., and described it as the first month. The middle ages used January 1 st as the New Year, but by the ninth century when Europe had been thrown into chaos, a change took place and the New Year began to become duel-used, and therefore more weighted toward the Liturgical Year.

Papal infallibility did not take place until the thirteenth century. However, quasi-religious observance pertained to the going ideological rulers, the Catholic Church which explains why they promulgated the liturgical calendar system pertaining to the New Year beginning from each Easter. The Catholic Church did not control most of the Middle Ages, as the modern atheist – non-historians intend. Their views are political and social. The Roman Church did not become a powerhouse until the thirteenth century. Then for a few hundred years, when England, Germany, France and other European states, and various principalities began to carve up or fight over Italy’s territories did then the Roman Church facilitate a militaristic stance and then aligned with the powerful armies of Spain by the sixteenth century. Spain sided against the Reformationsits, in part because they wanted control of the ancient Roman Empire, now called the Holy Roman Empire. To win autonomy humanists, many whom were anti-militaristic and did not assume a cultural identity, promulgated the older Julian calendar of the 1st of January as a protests -- such as Protestant the term derives -- thus to compete aggressively against the Roman/Spanish control of Europe in the sixteenth century.

Still the humanists could not rectify that the supreme god of Rome was Mars (Greek Aries), and his tropical sign was the constellation of Aries. This constellation was set by people who had surrounded Ptolemy, although shoddy historical work has modern astrological writers that blame Claudius Ptolemy as fixing the tropical calendar year when in fact these complex adjustments were not favored by political figures who had a hard time toeing their sandals, let alone running civilizations.

The constellation of Aries had risen with the Sun around late March and most of April. Easter was convenient because it was the first moon after the vernal equinox, so the Catholic Church could have it both ways. It made much more sense that the beginning of the year begun on Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection dates laid out in the Gospels, because his birth year also defined standard millennial time. The Catholic Church, until a reaction by a supreme extra-national political pressure, was never in favor of changing back to the paganistic Roman Caesar egomaniacs’ definition of time.  When the Catholic Church had to reform the Calendar, the Spanish were in Rome and fully controlling the papal government.  Under Philip II, Spain had already become the largest empire on Earth, and they forced their political sway onto the curia of Rome. The Church had no intention to change the system they preferred. Spain at this time did not act as a Catholic nation, but a more modern imperialist and paganistic empire.  Form their vantage point, a changed Calendar system allowed them more economic controls in international trading and dominating. 

The Liturgical Year Based Upon Babylonian Numerical-Month Count.

During the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews, they adopted the Babylonian Calendar. The Babylonians counted their years numerically, such as month one, month two, month three.... They are month (1) Nisan (March-April), (2) Iyar ( April – May), (3) Sivan ( May – June) (4) Tammuz (June-July), (5) Av (July-August), (6) Elul ( August-September), (7) Tishrei (September-October), (8) Cheshvan (October-November), (9) Kislev (November-December), (10) Tevet ( December-January), (11) Shevat (January-February), (12) Adar (February-March).

In Biblical Times the Passover was celebrated 14 Nisan/Abib ( sacrifice of the lamb), 15 Nisan/Abib (Passover seder).  Symbolizing Jesus’ Crucifixion, as the human sacrifice of a lamb. The New Year was correlated to the Jewish adopted Neo Babylonian calendar. Abraham Ibn Ezra was incorrect, Hebrews used the Neo-Babylonian Calendar, it was a lunar-solar calendar and not as Ezra’ intends solely a lunar calendar – the difference is that a lunar-solar calendar corrects the left-over days of the tropical year and corrects them while the lunar calendar does not – and therefore the lunar calendar’s New Years’ Day shifts constantly over time.

Nisan ( or Nissan) is the first month of the ecclesiastical year and the seventh month ( eight, in a leap year) of the civil year of the Hebrew Calendar. In the Torah, Nisan is called “aviv,” referring to spring barley. It is a spring month of 30 days, and it usually falls in our own Gregorian calendar between March and April. In the Book of Esther in the Tanakh the work Nisan is referenced.

Roman Calendar Based upon A Greek Lunar-Solar Calendar but Begun in March in today’s Gregorian Calendar.  Greeks started their Year at the Summer Solstice!

That first Month was the preferred Roman deity of Mars. Thusly, Martuis (31 days) is the first Month of the Calendar of Romulus.  Martius became the French March, spelt as ‘Mars.’ Thus it is the first month, but today’s third month of the Julian & Gregorian Calendar’s. The Romulus Calendar ( like the Sumerians as well) lack sufficient days, as the Romulus calendar lasted 304 days there were about 61 days remaining. The Romans did not seem to mind, and neither did the ancients. They just did not assigning any meanings to these ‘filler days.’

(1)   Martius (31 days), Vernal Equinox, as the Julian and Gregorian third month.

(2)   Aprilis (30 days) today’s April as the fourth  month.

(3)   Maius (31 days) today’s as the fifth May!

(4)   Iunius (30 days) today’s June as in the sixth month

(5)   Quintilis (31 days) today’s July, as in the seventh month.

(6)   Sextilis (31 days) today’s August, as in the eight month

(7)   September (30 days) today’s September as the ninth month.

(8)   October (31 days) today’s October as the tenth month

(9)   November (30 days) today’s November as the eleventh month.

(10)                       December ( 30 days) today’s December, as the twelfth month.

September in the roman Romulus calendar means the numeral ‘seven.’ Thus the French barrowed word of ‘seven’ as ‘Sept.’ This is what is writing in line one of the Nostradamus poem.  Due the missing named days of 61 per year, Numa Pompilius ( c. 713 B.C.E.), the second of the seven traditional kings of Rome was asked by the people to change the calendar order.  The adoption of 51 days added up to 355 days for the year and two months were shared and had new names, January ( perhaps Janis of Greek mythology –looking backward and forward), and February. January was given 29 days and February was given 28 days.  The intercalary days, and a leap month the Mensis Intercalaris ( a part of Febraur as it was split into two divisions to make up for the discrepancies), provides proof that toward the end of the Calendar the idea was to clean up the mess before March came around to begin the New Year – so there was no confusion. So February became the dirty-days clean up and the rotation of the Sun and the fact that Romans relied on the phases of the Moon complicated them so they did not set a 365 and one-fourth day calendar which would come later in the Roman Empire period.  Sources for reporting of adding two names and dividing up the unaccounted days into the Numa Pompilius calendar period are Macrobius, Plutarch, and Ovid; Ovid claimed our modern order ( or during his time) was a civil legal decision around the year of 450 B.C.E. Then Julius Caesar renamed a totally different Calendar with July ( Himself) as the New Year; this was overturned quickly after he died but the people who loved his imperialism asked to have his month-name remain in the Calendar. Julius Caesar also added a day to September at the end of the month. This messed up the Calendar, as a.d. XVIII.  Oct. was now eighteen days before the Kalends of October which is our 14th of September. This was another issue which confused Bring’Amore.

Augustus, the next ruler, also became jealous, and August fashioned himself as the son of god; god being Julius Caesar, according to the public protestations of Augustus,  based upon his mass murderous conquests, that we call imperialism.  So he too, took the month of Sextilis and renamed it to August. So these names remain basically the same today. So it was in 450 that by a legal measure of a council of ten that our calendar is numerically displaced and overbalance. Quintilis ( Romulus’ calendar) became  Sextilius ( 450 BCE legit), meaning the sixth month, and then Julius Caesar came in and proclaimed July as the New Year and first month, before being overturned by the name was allowed to remain in the order of Calendars.  What did not change was the religious observance of the Babylonian calendar, and subsequently this adherence to the archaic agrees with the first promulgated Roman Calendar – which has March beginning the New Year.

Yet the language of our Calendar speaks volumes of whom were are as a group of human beings. Sextilis means the numeral six, but in Romulus’ calendar performed during the reign of Numa Pompilius it was Quintilis, the fifth month, and according to the Babylonian, Hebrew adopted and original Greek and Roman lunar calendars September was in the same month-frame as Sextilius and Quintilis, and it means the number seven .

The ides concept of the middle of the month is sometimes communicated in books as a division of the calendar based upon the phases of the Moon. However, over time the lunar astronomy/astrology method of the neo Babylonians was replaced by a house-horoscopic division where the Sun intersected the cusps of these divisions, in a somewhat equal –house system (their version of the horoscope house divisions) and replaced the Moon with the transiting Sun through the zodiac.

The ides of months are for the 13th, except for Julius Caesar’s assassination on the 15 th of March (44 B.C.E., Caesar’s fifth year of his councillorship and the first year of Mark Antony’s), which is not the 15 th of March of our Gregorian Calendar, and May, July and October. These were calculated at first to the angles of the zodiacal constellations of the cardinal signs, and seven days before and after mark the mid-point which is the ides. It was thought that a conjunction to the equinoxes and solstices were considered in 7° orbs forwards and behind. Therefore, each month has a cusp turnover which is precluded by a Sun conjunction to the cusp divide in the tropical zodiac which the Romans preferred to name as an idūs. ides is a plural noun.  Since the Neo Babylonians divided two months into the middle, thus (1) Nisan (March-April), the ides was a progression of this thought, so it can generally be understood as a dividing point for the ‘middle of the month.’ As already noted for the 1559 almanach Nostradamus writes that: “The Summer begin[s] the xii [12th] of Iune [ June].” So we have the discrepancy of one day off from the standard Roman June ides.  Perhaps this is why that July in the idūs count happens on the fifteenth as it needed to gain two days instead of one to make up the difference. In Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, the Ides of March now signify a fateful day. 

These ides astrological days were important, so from around 220 B.C.E. to 153, the Romans elected councils on the ides of March.  Thus begun what was the civil year, called the consular year. During this period, two councils took place. The last Etruscan king was expulsed in 509 B.C.E (245 AUC ) and kingship was over for Rome and the Roman Republic began with the election of two councils which were elected annually, one of the New Year of the ides of March and the other on the ides of September. In 153 B.C.E., the councils began to assume too much control and they took over Rome on January 1 ( the kalends of January). This is where we ultimately get our January 1 st date form, an abuse of power.  The Catholic Church tried to renounced this civil and corrupted human power calendar dominance by synchronizing the year into festivals and ecclesiastical events based around the events of Jesus’ life that lined up with the traditional Roman Republic councils, the New Year beginning on the ides of March ( middle of March). Therefore the Church could link Passover, the crucifixion, and many other Biblical narratives to line up with the Spring Equinox. 

When the councils became powerful they controlled an army. The Spanish from Iberia had rebelled and the councilors who were now like military generals were in a need for a competent general. However, this elected official, named Quintus Fulvius Nobilior, was not scheduled to be sworn in until the Ides of March ( the New Year). So the ruling council made an exception and moved the New Year to January 1st, changing the entire system of time keeping so that Nobilior could ready his command to battle the Spanish. The council is the curia, or in English, the Senate. Justinian I abolished the counsellorship between the years of  A.C.E. 541 - 542. So what the Church became angry at was the dating of the world was centered around the rise of an emperor and not Jesus Christ.

Before 1567, Records Show that The New Year Begun on/about Easter Sunday of Each Year.

This is amended too translated documents by David Potter during The French Wars of Religion -- in which Nostradamus lived through the early and mid-periods. “From 1567, the old “paschal year’ that began on Easter Sunday was replaced by the ‘ Roman year’ that began on 1 January. The Gregorian Calendar was introduced into France in 1582, so that 9 December was followed by the 20 th in that year.” Potter, David, "The French Wars of Religion, Selected Documents,"  ed., & trans., David Potter (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977), p. xiv. For those who do not understand what the word Renaissance entailed, one such observable phenomenon was the adoption of the classical Roman culture. This included the old style (from their perspective not ours!) Roman calendar begun under Julius Caesar’s reign – it was not an official count, but by this time many international scholars had adopted a discourse to include the Roman Empire Julian calendar. Do not confuse this with the Holy Roman Julian Calendar. For example, Queen Claude de Valois, known to history as Claude de France, eldest daughter of Louis XII and Anne de Bretagne, and the first wife of François I, gave birth to Henri II’s elder brother, the Dauphin of Viennois “on the last day of February 1517.” (n1) [Chronique de Bayard, [...] see, “their Majesties, with a liberality worthy of our Kings, defraying all the expenses.”]. This would actually be in our year the year of 1518 because our year begins on 1 January and not on Easter, which usually was toward the end of March in the Middle Ages. see Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris soul la règne de Francois 1 er (1515-1536), edited by Ludovic Lalanne ( Paris 1854), in Williams, H. Noel, “Henri II: His Court And Times” ( New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), notes.1 - 3, p. 3. note; note (n1), “1518, according to modern chronology. At this period, the year began at Easter.” So if one is to construct a modern horoscope for Dauphin of Viennois, we say he was born on the last day of February of 1518 ( not 1517 as the records show!). Most academics I know will intend he was born in 1517 and therefore use our modern 1517 ephemerides to construct the horoscope. To this I want to pull out my hair. Therefore, in the ambiguity of the said quatrain, we cannot be certain to which actual dating system Nostradamus intends us to utilize. Nostradamus lived when there was a bridge between two courses of millennial time.

Marguerite de Valois

“From 1567, the old “paschal year’ that began on Easter Sunday was replaced by the ‘ Roman year’ that began on 1 January. The Gregorian Calendar was introduced into France in 1582, so that 9 December was followed by the 20th in that year.”[13]

The  translation of the word  'Ciel' as to its Greek roots, indicating a Uranus-Heaven that is to say the father of Saturn (Titans) who then gave birth to Zeus (Olympians)  who also later became associated to the sky,. ciel represents the United States of America as the modern superpower. Although most people will not understand etymology, what they can understand is the Chinese phrase Nostradmaus used in line two. " From heaven comes a great King " remains a description of hierarchy human management structures in ancient Chinese historical texts.   All-though the modern French word meaning 'sky' or 'heaven' having ancient roots as the head position or top, indicates that the most prosperous nation at that time is applied. This is indicating the high position of United States of America and the of our 'grand deffraieur leader’ came from. Some will use divine but one arrives at the same place when working from historical circumstances.

If we look to the roots of the word Ciel in Latin, where Nostradamus's language in France had just changed over ( The entire country learned Latin as the official language) we get the real term of the word from history. This further identifies Clinton as the first Roy.

Caelum- Latin used in the Bible: Philippians 4,3,6; cf.id. Att. 14,18,1; 6,2,9:

Other words, this word Ciel connected to its Latin roots and is not exactly by the form of Heaven and/or of the Sky as its equivalent caelum; this word has a derivative to the word hood. Hood meant the covering of the top of something. So did the word heaven imply the ceiling of something -- the highest place from a perspective? It was the canopy of everything that was known to be beyond the sky where the Sun, Moon and Stars resided. Heavens ancient term was this hood that encompassed to sky. Persons assuming a relationship to the predictions of Edgar Casey perhaps identified the reincarnation of Jesus around 1998, a mere year before the said statements of the X. LXXII date-frame.

Gaivs Plinivs Secvndvs ( 23 AD -- Aug 25, 79 , d. in Stabiae), a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, and author of encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia claimed the word 'heaven' derived from Cœlum ( Ch. IIII, Book ii, ' Why the World or Heaven is called Mundus'). ( cf. “The History of the World”, commonly called 'The Natural History of G. Plinivs Secvndvs,'  trans., Philemon Holland, Doctor in Physics, London, 1601, printed by Adam Phillip).

Secvndvs says, “And without question,  Heaven wee have named Cœlum; as it were, Engraven and garnished, according to M. Varro interpreteth it. And hereto maketh much the orderly ranke of things therein, and namely the circle called Signifer, or the Zodiake, set forth and devided by the forms of twelve living creatures therein portraied; together with the manner of the sunnes race [Sumerians]  throughout them, keeping ever the same course still, for so many ages past.”  -- Ch. IIII, Book ii, Gaivs Plinivs Secvndvs. Pliny the Elder does not believe in fate of astrology. Yet, he tries to relate these ideas behind them, including various religiosities.

Note:  it is in Ch. VIII, Of Nature of Planets; and their circuit” that Pliny relates that Venus becomes Lucifer if rising in the east in the morning. It should be noticed, that recent translations of Akkadian, early Sumerian, and later Babylonian, Syrian astronomical- astrological recordkeeping and commentary texts reveal that ‘ the morning star[r] can be either Mercury or Venus, and many more places in the text I have read relate to  mercury. So there appears no consensus between the ancient times and the early Roman Empire period for a definitive application of why Venus is named Lucifer, or “( Day-starre)” -- Plinivs Secvndvs, states, “Beneath the Sunne a goodly faire starre there is, called Venus, which goeth her compasse, wandering this way and that, by turnes: and by the very[ sic, should be vary!] names that it hath, testifieth her emulation of Sunne and Moone. For all the while that shee preventeth the morning, and riseth Orientall [ that means east!] before, she taketh the name of Lucifer ( or Day-starre) as a second sun hastening the day. Contrariwise, when shee shineth from th eWest Occidentall, drawing out the day light at length, and supplying the place of the Moone, shee is named Vesper. [ Pliny was a personal friend to emperor Vespasian] This nature of hers, Pythagoras of Samos first found out, about the 42 Olympias: which fell out to bee the 142 yeere after the foundation of Rome. Now this planet, in greatness, goeth beyond al the other five: and so cleere and shining withall, that the beames of this one starre cast shaddowes upon the earth [ Venus to cast a shadow on the earth?]. ( Ch.VIII, book, ii.).

Ch. LVII Or the rustling of Armour and sound of Trumpets heard from Heaven.

Secvndvs says, “In the time of the Cimbrian warres, we have been told, that Armour was heard to rustle, and the Trumpet to sound out of Heaven. And this happened very often both before and after those warres. But in the third Consulship of Marius, the Amerines and Tudertes saw men in armes in the skie, rushing and running one against another from the East and West; and might behold those of the West discomfited. That the very firmament it selfe should be of a light fire, it is no marvaile at all; for often times it hath been seene, when clouds have caught any greater deale of fire.” (Gaivs Plinivs Secvndvs , Ch.LVII, book, ii.). This speakstuff is reminiscent of The Apocalypse of John of Patmos. trumpets sounding in heaven, war accompany the trumpet sounds from heaven, fire & armies in the sky. Nostredame is using the same phraseology here, but linking it to a lone individual that brings this about.

Connection to a person, to a region.

From Webster's third New International Dictionary we looked up Ciel

1.       F. (pl. cieux ) Nostradamus doesn't use in X. LXXII.

2.       We get Ciel: Sky French; Latin , caelum - see Hood.

3.       so we go to 'hood' we look down the definitions to hood 3 section to get-to origins to Ciel's meanings

4.       but we first went to Casselle's New Latin Dictionary to look up 'caelum'.

5.       We get a connection to Latin  philosophical poet of the 1st century:  Lucretius Carus who used caeli as an anagramme and droped the a and  got ciel, thus some spare root investigation for the modern French meaning. 

6.       OK lets now see what Webster's third New International Dictionary has to say about its definition

7.       This is how it appears in the dictionary

8.       Germanic origin Gmc - heit all F. a prehistoric Gmc word represented by OE Old English had person , rank, state, condition, a character.

9.       This I believe is the true meaning of Ciel that Nostradamus intended the meaning of: the place U.S.A. and the person, a character of William Jefferson Blythe IV.

  Old High German OHG      heit

person, rank, state, condition

  from Old Noretic we get :

Old Nortic ON hador bright, clear OHG heitar ON heithr, and prob. to Latin L caesius bluish grey, caelum sky, heaven, Sanskrit Skt citra variegated, bright, ketu brightness, light; basic meaning: bright]

  as a noun :

The definition in the dictionary is as a follows.
1 : state : condition : quality : character
2 : an instance of a specified state, condition, quality or character
3 : individuals sharing a specified state, condition quality, or character
 

caelus an inhabitant { person of heaven } a separate dictionary!

  What Webster's third New International Dictionary has to say about its definition.

How it fits

I use “ciel” as a synonym for "Summit" and it fits perfect. This means that the leader will come from a Summit in the 7th month and be associated to defraying something.

The use of the Chinese mandate is exact as both meaning blended into one as general in great quatrain writers.

For example, neighborhood is a place. The hood part identifies that which is a thing. Like ...shire from old English.

hood 3 \'hud -u- \ n-s [ short for hoodlam ] slang HOODLUM: as a: a gangster or racketeer b: a gunman or strong-arm man.

Some people allege that Bill Clinton may be from the Arkansas Cabal criminal organization when living and working there and is still connected.

It is fact that -hood who's connected origins of Ciel has its own meaning as 'covering up' as what happened in Chinagate and the Impeachment Trials.

Transcripts by Webster's third New International Dictionary copyright © 1976 by G & C Merriam CO.

Viendra : French, an expression

  notes: 'will come'

un grand: indefinite article here with an adjective

  notes: someone of importance.

  notes: literal translation, 'a great.'

Roy:  Old French Spelling; a proper noun

  notes: King.

  notes: Most scholars or interpretors allow a major world leader or an important person (e.g. some leader / a head of state or country.) to be substatuted for King.

  notes: varient spellings, modern 'Roi.'

Deffraieur

Deffraieur :  c. 1568 (?), only in one version that survived.

Deffraieur (This is a large section and prominent word in the poem.).

effraieur is an irregular French verb. It is akin to the English word frighten (infinitive), frightened (past tense), frightened ( past participle). In the context of the sixteenth century the adverb extremely preceded the base form of frightened.

The word could be read as 'extreme fright.' A synonym of ‘extreme fright’ is the often quoted expression in Nostradamus books, terror.  Terror is a Middle Eastern root word, derived by certain guerrilla warfare tactics in the middle ages adopted by witnessing Asian military and psychological warfare tactics. The modern term comes to be in a noun form as ‘terrorist.’ The Middle Eastern form came from examples of Mongolian tactics. The Mongolian scouts sent by the generals into cities represented threats of terrorism, if the governor or leadership representative did not hand over controls to the new Mongolian administration.  These threats were horrific examples of inhumanity such as slaughtering an entire town, and placing all the decapitated villager heads onto a pile-like pyramid, forcing the leadership representative to take witness and to then send out that leader to accompanying towns as a warning to submit to the new overlords. In general, it was the Mongolian chiefs ‘terrorist’ tactics that gave way to the Mongol spreading over most of the earth’s dry land mass – becoming the second most entity to rule the largest percentage of dray earth (Spain as the first, by middle and south America). The term Deffraiuer is a verb. This form of its spelling did not however make it into the modern vernacular.  Its modern usage is spelt, défrayer.  Its roots lay in transitive verb form, and in the poem it is in place of an adjective.

Semantics.

English Examples of the use of the Word Defray[er].

(1) 1587 FLEMING Contn. Holinshed III. 1371/2 The enterprise..to be defraied by the pope and king of Spaine. 2
(2) c. 1555 HARPSFIELD Divorce Hen. VIII (1878) 241 There is emption and vendition contracted as soon as the parties be condescended upon the price, though there be no money presently defrayed. Harpsfield, Nicholas A treatise on the pretended divorce between Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon c 1555 (Camden Soc. 1878). 2.1

(3) 1580 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 273 The Registers and Records kept of the defrayers of the charges of common Plays. 1755 JOHNSON, Defrayer, one that discharges expences. 2.4

(4) 1579 FENTON Guicciard. IX. (1599) 388 To pay within a certaine time for all defrayments, twentie thousand duckets.2.2

(6) 1543-4, Shakespeare,  Act 35 Hen. VIII, c. 12 Inestimable summes of treasure, to be employed and defrayed about the same. 2.3  (The Oxford English Dictionary, 2,2.1,2.2,2.3, 2.4 , accessed 2004,
avaliable from http://dictionary.oed.com/entrance.dtl ; Internet 2004.)
 

In my interpretation I amuse at the use is the Francis Bacon’s version: "To alienate sacred office of Church."He defined the term as such. The reason why he defined it this way was to  show how the Church was being bought-off by special interest groups and not sticking to its virtues as is the Churches doctrine.  This is seen today in the argument of the ‘special interest groups’ that give money to politicians in order for them to pass bills there way- regardless of the dire ramifications of justice and the peoples wishes. How is this word related to today? However, both world leaders, in the prophecy, have little to do with churches, the definition implies the key words ‘alienate sacred office.’ This implies that a breach of trust to the office ensured (Our precautions ensured our safety). The term still applies then to their respected offices in today’s world leaderships. The offices implies honor to ones country. As it relates to the first Roy, and not the second, this means that only the first Roy is defined by ‘ deffraieur.’ Translated: To alienate the sacred office of President of USA by providing the goods ( defraying - nuclear duel-use technology that is used in [WMD] weapons) to Asian countries and, in particular, appeasing China; allowing the PLA People Liberation Army ( Chinese Governmental Army) to influence American politics. The money part was documented by Joseph Lieberman and Dan Burton. This amounted to trillions of dollars in ‘special interest’ business for the cash of $44,000,000 documented, pay-off, from Chinese, Indonesian, and N. Korean leaders, to the DNC Democratic National Committee for the coffers of Bill Clinton ( grand Roy deffraieur). This is indeed what is called a typical sell-out, as defined by Francis Bacon definition.

Furthermore, the particulars are in the definition of the word itself. The general statement of pay-off, providing the goods, is indicative to modern day campaign issues and contributions. The word <>Deffraieuer has everything to do with money as the roots in the words are pieced together ( see below).

Francis Bacon version is the key usage of the idea of a sell-out, This was the case with Bill Clinton selling (Defrayment) of duel-use technology to, N. Korea and China that has now being developed to make mass quantities of WMD. Sell-out is an appropriate term. Nostradamus was spot on with the usage of such a term.

The term appeasement that has been used in Associated Press article throughout Clinton term and during the 1999 period was almost daily used is another form of the word. Appeasement stayed close to Francis Bacon version, in that it remains an issue of selling-out ones principles. Stapleton Roy, the Chinese citizen turned American citizen, and former Chinese ambassador, spoke endlessly about how the Clinton administration needed to appease the Chinese leaders in order for peaceful relations to be continued between the two nations.

Diction.

2) Defrayer; appeasement (Contribute e.g. Campaign contributions); betrayal To 'sell out'; defray, as in to lie, as in to cover-up truth with criminal intentions or to be bought-off. Description of the first king as a sell out to his country to the second king. This word has a way of employing the Chinese ambassador Stapleton Roy. He was the main man in charge of the appeasement proceedings in China itself.

3) If we take the old term before the definition slightly cahged to bean pay-off, then, in modern day urban street language, the word means Sell out: sacrifice principals for money-cash. So, in our context, were refereeing to principals of national safety , world safety, and general safety.

'United States as a lone rulership  over the world, by a military power dominance’ has been sold-off (Sell-out) to the undemocratic enemies by the Roy deffraieur for the exchange of trillions of dollars, into the America economy, and willing the defrayment of high-military-technologies to Asian Countries, for contributions and the economy (cash).

4) OF: Deffraieur is sell out the sacred office of the peoples trust.

In Modern times, their is no such word as "deffraieur" in dictionaries.
Old French translations are non existent before Nostradamus time. The word: defrayal, defray, defrayment is not there.

We see that the words old definition was a "Sell Out" that eventual changed to mean; to defray something in an appeasement sort of way. This definition is found, albeit, in a round about way during Nostradamus time. Appeasement was a nicer ;political correct term’ used , even in Nostradamus day, to not offend people. The word simply at its roots means ‘Sell Out.” Especially: of the principles of the office holder. This is done, usually, in cash payments.

5) So here are the old to modern definitions:

Defray v.t. to bear or pay all or part of (the cost, expenses ext.)

derivative of frais , fres - cost
and frayer - to bear the cost

defrayal: payment of some or all charges or expenses.

Old French OF 'deffroier'
Note: This came from The Random House Inc. Dictionary of the English Language 1987. they had no link to the source.

This looks similar to deffraieur add a u and substitute o for a .

Modern French Defray is 'défrayer.'

Now we already discussed in page one of this site that 'raie' root is 'fish' from the shark species, fish is ancient symbol of currency, money green. 'de' is a 'negative' as you would compare 'compose' to de-composed and so on. so the roots of defrayal to pay-bear the costs or charges is in the original root of deffraieur. this adjective is used to describe the first King. (Clinton has been doing this since he first took office).

Francis Bacon's Archaic version reads as: To alienate sacred office of Church.

Defrayer: To avert or appease by paying off. To pay or provide for the payment of in money or its equivalent; To reimburse; to accept money for the provisions supplied.  In context of the prophecy the word deffraieur is translated: To alienate the sacred office of President of USA by providing the goods and accepting the money for appeasing a enemy country. In this case it was to resurrect China militarily with high technology that was used to build weapons of mass destruction.

  Middle French is where the word first became defined.

"de.fray vt [MF deffrayer, fr. des- de- + frayer to expend, fr. OF, fr. (assumed) OF frai expenditure, lit., damage by breaking, fr. Lfractum, neut. of fractus, pp. of frangere to break--more at break] (1536) 1: to provide for the payment of: pay 2 archaic: to bear the expenses of -- de.fray.able adj -- de.fray.al n"

(Copyright (c) 1994 Merriam-Webster, Inc. All Rights Reserved)

Interpretations of last word on line-two of X.LXXII by other Nostradamus writers:

John Hogue uses d'effraiuer or deffrayeur which all editions known have the apostrophe included. He seems to change his interpretation according to the seasons. Perhaps his first recollections in his very early Nostradamus writings express what others had mention, a resurrection of the eastern countries. During the period of 1999-2000 he changed it to a revelation by Nostradamus of massive climate change – a radical change in weather. In 2010 he has expressed an opinion that this poem links the events of 11 September 2001. However, at this time he is still formulating his argument. 

Peter Lemesurier or Le Mesurier (born, Peter Ewart Britton, Le Mesurier meaning gentleman messiah) promotes the FC060, 1568 posthumous edition of Les Propheties from the French National Archives, photographed above. There is no idea if this was the first published work containing the series of poems for chapter ‘X.’. This book, as will all other copies of books that we now have today were apparently all published after Nostradamus was already gone. This edition is viewable for free from the French National Archives website.

His argument warrants an example in  the first French / Latin bi-lingual dictionary:  "Parochus...Vng deffraieur, qui nous fournist de tout ce qu'il nous fault par les chemins." (Estienne,Dictionarium Latinogallicum, 1st edition, 1538). As far as I know there are about a dozen copies of this book in existence today, at least at major universities. Two are in the United States of America, one residing at Chicago University. However, Estienne and his company after he died submitted at least four editions. By the second edition, 'deffraiuer' was nowhere to be found in all editions. Perhaps it too was a mistake, often cited in transforming from manuscripts to copies to orator in the shop to the type – setter – often caused misspellings of words and sometimes on-the-job- translations, often by graduate students working for the summer for partying money. Lemesurier intends, "In the properties the word ‘Terror or fright is used in quatrains: 175, 194, 230, 294 301, 388, 522 523, 565, 621, 681, 880, 950? or as an alternate meaning? t's effraieur, frayeur, effrayeur, terreur, fraieur, frayeur, effrayeur, effraieur, effrayeur, effraieur, effraieur, frayeur and frayeur respectively. By contrast, the word in X.72 is 'deffraieur', which is no closer to any of the above than 'fright ' is to 'right' or 'terror' is to 'error'."  However, the old spelling of terror was d’effraieur, which is an apostrophe insertion away from changing the entire context of the poem. Attending to high scholarship, Lemesurier reminds his readership that Nostradamus’ texts are poorly punctuated so words with apostrophes can be mistakes and a missing apostrophe is most likely.

While Christianized, Nostradamus came from Jewish ancestry and contemporaries attacked him for it.

Dictionary Entries.

purveyor 

One researcher thinks that a simile word in an sixteenth century French/Latin bilingual  dictionary definition could be linked to the word. The common word today is purveyor: One that promulgates something: a purveyor of lies.

\Pur*vey"or\, n. [OE. porveour, OF. pourveor, F. pourvoyeur. See Purvey, and cf. Proveditor.] 1. One who provides victuals, or whose business is to make provision for the table; a victualer; a caterer.

2. An officer who formerly provided, or exacted provision, for the king's household. [Eng.].

3. a procurer; a pimp; a bawd. –Addison.

Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc.

"Parochus...Un deffrayeur, qui nous fournist de tout ce qu'il nous fault par les chemins." (Estienne, Dictionarium Latinogallicum, 3rd edition, 1552) [Or in English: 'Parochus (purveyor)... A provider/host who furnishes us with everything that we need for the road' (Peter Lemesurier). One will note that the word deffraieur is not defined and is only a part of the 'Parochus’ definition. . However, pimp can be related to a Francis Bacon version of the idea.

"Defrayeur: m. A Cater, or Steward; one that in a journey furnishes, and defrays the provision, and expense of the whole company." (Cotgrave, 1611) .

In this version again the word defray is in the definition. Yet it is not the key term being defined. The researcher merely tries to say that since the word defray is in the definition area itself, then it must be the definition of the word being defined. This is ludicrous. In the explaining section, instead of the term is its explaining, he sees it as the definition of the Old French version of the word Deffraieur. This is not the true meaning of the term. In fact, my investigation found out that deffraieur was used with different spelling throughout the French boarders in the 1600s. This means the word was not clearly defined until the very late 1600s. This was after Nostradamus passed on. Using Francis Bacon version is the only real version Nostradamus used. His means he was describing the “grand Roy” as a Sell Out.

End of Old/Middle French Section

Now I looked up in this dictionary and found roots of certain words that could have made up the word; the from glyphs show the roots origins.

Funk & Wagnalls
New Comprehensive International Dictionary of the English Language
Deluxe Reference Edition
Defray (di.frã´ v.t.)
1) To pay; bear the expence of.
2) aBS. To disburse; spend. [< F de´ frayer < OF Old French defraier < de-away ( < de- ) + fraier spend < frai cost. charge] -de. fray´ a.ble adj
copyright 1971-1982 by J G Ferguson Publishing Company

  From the Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology .

Robert K Barnhart

Defray v. pay, settle. 1543, borrowed from Middle French defraier, desfraier (de-, des-out+fraier spend from old French frais, plural costs; probably damages caused dy breakage, from Latin frãctum, neuter of past participle of frangere to BREAK).

The H.W. Wilson company © 1988

Bartlets, Roget's Thesaurus

18) Defray, defray the cost, pay for, meet the cost, bear the cost, stand the cost, stand; treat, give, donate, contribute, fund, finance, put up money, pick up the bill or tab, pay the piper, foot the bill, pay the freight [Inf]
(Copyright © 1996 by little, Brown and Company ,Inc.)

Etymology

Another dictionary this one of Etymology has OF (desfrayer) Rev. Walter W. Skeat. But this seems closer to middle French when they began to use y in its spelling.

Source of old Dictionary Misuse of definition: Reprint of A.P.N. Post of 12-11-1999

  Pages by Jean Guernon.
Godefroy, Frédéric -Sujet(s) : Français (langue) -- Ancien français -- Dictionnaires
Estienne latino-gallicum dictionary 1522 , 1539 ,1549; Nicot 1606 dictionary some use of other spellings of deffraieur in History.

Arguments for misprinting in the Propheties.

Resusciter:  French   To Resurrect; to resuscitate. Infinitive Verb

Resusciter OF: Resurrect; resuscitate: This is a strait forward word that means what it says: To resurrect or by its proper connotative meaning to bring back. As the poems reads in a linear fashion, the resurrection points to  the ‘le grand leader d’ Angolmois.’ This is a man from the east, in my interpretation,  which means that not only does it identify the largest eastern Empire that of the Republic of China, but this includes the entire eastern nations, notably the nuclear ascendancy of North Korea and anyone in the eastern hemisphere are related too the context of the first king in line two. The facts show that Bill Clinton will sell out his country and world by arming the China with the nuclear, missile, satellite weapons technologies of U.S. In exchange China, Indonesia, and North Korea military and official state leaders will buy political influence into American president position in contributions at more $44,000,000 in checks to the Democratic National Committee in both Clinton’s two election campaigns. In addition Bill Clinton will defray the Military know-how of nuclear technology so these countries can build weapons of Mass destruction. Of course, this is his multi-polarity program he learned in school as the correct course of action to apologize to the eastern people that the west colonized their traditional lands.  This is all part of the Clinton economic plan that was outlined in a 1994 Letter to later murdered Secretary of Commerce Rom Brown. The letter described The Secretary’s job as stated in the letter: “Having worked toward passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement during most of the first year in office, Brown is expected to focus his attention in the coming year on increasing U.S. exports. This will be done through two means: one, the Clinton Administration’s National Strategy with the aim of total exports exceeding $1 trillion and the creation of 6 million jobs by the year 2000; two, a new Administration initiative designed to improve American industry's international technology competitiveness. “On a trip back from China after leaving Switzerland to drop off bags of money, On April 3, 1996, an Air Force Boeing 737 carrying Commerce Secretary Ron Brown and 34 others on a trade mission to China crashed into a mountainside near Croatia's Dubrovnik airport. The Air Force quickly determined the tragic event to be an accident. Ron Brown was photo graphed at the scene with a bullet wound at the top of his head – although this is in dispute as possible crash – related injuries. Apparently, according to tradition,  he survived the crash and then was shot dead. This event was not covered extensively by the News Media. It appeared as a non-story.   He had telephoned his family from the trip to China,  telling them he had planed to resign amid the revelation that his true purpose was overseeing the defrayment of nuclear weapons systems to eastern leaders – through U.S. technology corporations. The normative excuse for the academics and politicos was that if the U.S.A. did not allow their technology companies to defray the duel-use technologies to China, some European company would take up the economic windfall. The resurrection word in the prophecy is directly linked to the theme of the Wars, in the word Mars. It can also be viewed by what material was defrayed. In this case it was weapons of mass destruction disguised as duel-use technologies, and was never a conspiracy but was done out in the open because the discourse was too difficult for anyone to understand.

Resuscitate also implies that the east is again rising, and that some point in the past of our collective histories the east had risen. This then is a normative occurrence and should not be seen as anything surprising or unnatural. In context of the poem, one king helps resuscitate the other king. Any diversion from this account invalidates the context altogether. Only Lemesurier paid close attention to attenuating the context in lieu of two important persons. Henry Roberts, in fact, for U.S. citizen purposes, was the first to suggest perhaps that the east would be resurrected and that would have lead to some sort of conflict. This was proposed in the 1950s.

World Leaders

le grand Roy: The great/important King; definite article, adjective & proper noun

Angolmois A NON- WORD

d'Angolmois : From Angolmois; prepositional phrase

Angolmois is a cognate, perhaps, also the famed irrational anagram: 

Angolmois does not exist in this form in history; however various spellings of close proximity have been argued.

From 527 – 565 A.C.E.

Some anti- Jewish Authors on Nostradamus have gone to great lengths to try to tell the public that Angolmois is a valid principality today. It is not and it was linked to the period when the English had conquested much of the French northwest around the thirteenth to early fourteenth century. François I’s family dukedom were given rights to the county of Angoulesme, as all other European royals continued their economic and political dominance by land-grants of a hereditary system connected to a feudal middle ages. Angoulesme was the word Nostradamus would have known, and writing a poem projected to about 450 years later he would not have believed that an unstable and of little political importance county would be of importance in the future. Geneva, Rome, and other cities were more important and very secure historically to project important world events in the future – of which he used.

Nostradamus-haters, again, will intend that Nostradamus never knew that Asians existed, France never knew of the New World, and anagrams are not allowed unless they approve of them.

  notes: Most Nostradamus interpreters and investigators intend Nostredame used anagrams, a certain system of hiding meanings by rearranging letters of a word or by dropping or by adding invisible letters to construct a word and before while rearranging them to reveal a hidden contextual meaning. Starting with Henry C. Roberts, and not only as the first interpreter to connect the dots to a possible eastern connection, Mongols referred not to the Mongol-Tatar historical Empire builders of 'Pax Mongolia' but to a future reference of groups from  the lands of the eastern hemisphere. The thirteenth century Latin term Mongal intends a Hannic tribe from the north of China, however it connotatively became understood to the west as ‘people from the far east.’ The history of the Mongolian invasions into the European east and the Middle East was widely known. Here below are two Latin texts that have relevancy to a possible near perfect anagram for this Hannic tribe.

Hystoria Tartarorum & Descripciones terrarum

  notes: (d’ Angolmois i.e. Mongaloids or d' Mongalois [of mongolia]); Anagrams are irrational conscriptions, thereby in dispute with the rational mind.

  notes: Nostradamus  mentions The Tartars by geographical region at V.LIIII. 'la grand Tartarie' [l.1, syl. 5-10].

  notes: The Eastern Orthodox Church understood the Empire as Pax Mongolia.

  notes: On the 26 June 1245, The First Council of Lyon opened with three patriarchs and about 150 bishops and other religious and secular persons. Among the present personages was the “Latin emperor of Constantinople. Emperor Frederick II,” who had “sent a legation headed by Thaddaeus of Suessa. The council convened with twelve major decrees, and the Tartars , decree number four, became a important topic which eventually included a proposed alliance with the Mongols to overthrow the Muslim groups in the Middle East.

Lit: {PA} Angolmois is a Nostradamus anagram for modern day spelling of ''Mongolians. The word Mogal itself is a ancient term and the west had universally adopted a meaning because of the unknowable features as “ a tribe from the far east.” Also, it was later used as a root race term in anthropology: The term is describing the entire region of Genghis Khan’s Empire. That the Mongolian Empire stretched from Hungary to Korea and down to the middle east eventually breaking-off to the southern Asian continent ( modern India), it included at various times most of Asia, Russia, China and various parts of eastern Europe up till the Danube. The destablization brought on the pīr-warriors of the Turcoman tribes ( Tatars and Caucus tribes) who began the House of Osman in Anatolia. Empirically the Pax Mongalois became the second largest land Empire in human history to which made it an important empirical observation by any historian -- of which Nostredame concluded. Nostradamus simply implies that a resuscitation of the warlords of the east (The entire eastern hemisphere people) will make an attempt to rule earth in the coming next 100 years. Nostredame used physics and mathematics of astronomy to calculate the obvious exponentials – using previous history as a bench-mark and then using F=ma, his method of vision – time travel to ascertain the details for the poem.

If Nostradamus meant Angoulême, for this particular prophecy, he would have made sure that the Horoscopy matched François I duke of Angoulême history. However, he did not. Lemesurier ‘s lackadaisical use of arbitrary planets with no scientific methodology reveals he is far from a scientific discipline. Simply stating that this is what Nostradamus had meant is simply obnoxious and not worthy of a scholar. His absence of horoscopic methodology in his Nostradamus Encyclopedia reveals his armature attempts at understanding the scientific method.

Who were the Mongals?

The Mongals were a tribe-federation and after khanization of their dynasty they had a single focus of a trade empire which would operate in western terms as Pax Mongolia. The modern spelling Mongols, spelt, Mangol, or in French adoption of middle age Latin, Mangolois, terms understandable to this times had been known.

For some reason, no one on Alt.Prophecies.Nostradamus used this poem to identify the obvious of what others had been writing or promulgating for decades, about the rise of the eastern superpowers. This is probably why I had such a hard time promoting this interpretation. Many were waiting for an earth ending asteroid or some great war.

Line four: Affect and Cause War – TOOLS FOR ARMAGEDDON

Avant : French, Before

Avant , French: before; just before, or previous too.

après : French, after.

The last line can be read pertaining to the context of the poem:

The leader, before and after ( this poem’s date, it is assumed) will reign fortunately.

If we follow the poem’s construction, ABAB or if we choose this format, then the defrayer leader links to line two.

If we choose to allow the other variance for Mars, as War, then we assume not the leader but the month or just the time-frame.

n      war will reign fortuitously, before and after. [ my punctuation!]

Line four Complexive

  notes: Mars : : March, War or as connotation for a leader.

  notes: Avant après or 'Before and After' as an expression.

This word clarifies some March-War, which is right after the these two words (description of war as Mars and Mrach as the month). Nostradamus expertise in compressing meanings into tightly compacted words shows his style of brilliance in the Renaissance area, in which he was one of the leaders, in forming the new language. Only a few decades before Nostradmus began writing his prophecies, French Language was established as the official language, he helped out in the forming of the official language ( See Nostradamus general fact).

For the interpretation of this word, the war it relates to is Dessert Fox, the U.S. bombing of Iraq over the suspected weapons of mass destruction that Bill Clinton ordered in late ’98 into January 1999. This included sending cruise missiles into aspirin factory and al’ Qaeda’s terrorist training compounds in Afghanistan. For novelty “operation Dessert Fox “ was a term that Hitler used with his commander Romel in WWII in the deserts of N. Africa. The pentagon who were at odds with president Clinton during his whole term as president of the United States, called the war with Iraq “ Operation Free Willie.” This is a key reference that the war was used “for good luck “purposes for the former president.

So, this is the meaning of the word as it applies to the historical records of bombing of an aspirin factory, bombing of a terrorist camps and bombing of Iraq, which was indeed a war back in November and December of ’98- Jan’99 that happened before March 1999.

The 'Operation dessert fox,' is said, in The Pentagons own words, (avant)(Apres) part of the phrase, to be silently called " Monica War: " : an indicator of a war that is for the fortune of the reign of the king. At this time, Chinagate, was suppressed, was overlooked, and was dropped, and as an Impeachment trail was deflected to the real republican motive to show the world that the “First Roy” was “deffraieuer” nuclear weapons technology to potential enemies of the United States of America. During the impeachment trial, the republicans saw the right time to bring up this X. 72 issue. These two wars before and after were “ wag the dog scenarios” that caused ‘par bon heur ‘ ( War befor and after march [1999]reigns for good luck of the king - Avant apres Mars regner par bon heur). There is no denying the influence of the timing to these wars. Also, the pentagon saw the Kosovo war as another 'Wag the Dog' scenario: To divert attention away from Presidents problems at home with the Impeachment trail and Chinagate (secret nuclear weapons technologies transfers to China for Chinese campaign contributions money ( Democratic National Committee re-election funds. back in 1996 and general operating funds) and the economy to win approval from the masses.

Roman God of War and their first panthonic deity. This Latin word from the Roman term borrowed from the Greek Aries; March is Mars who is honor with his own month. This is also another hint at Nostradamus French calendar. The New Year began in the Month of March and this is what the dating system time he wanted us to follow if we use the old style calendar.

Regner :  French: to reign; Infinitive verb,   the reign of

Regner  OF: to reign; the reign [as to the king/leaders] as pointing to the circumstances of the first king and eventual predicted outcome, another double connotation as to line four ( See above).

par bon huer : French, expression, idiomatic

  notes: idiomatic in 16th century French,  "by good luck"

  notes: 'happily '

  notes: Literally: "By good hour" as in omens stating the desired hour of any particular calendar day.

Some commentators such as me intend that the entire line four is of one thought in an expression: Before and after [the said date of the poem] the leader[s] is to reign by good luck or in happiness. As far as Clinton or Zemin are concerned both are highly respected former world leaders and both lead happy and productive lives. It is by good luck the world does not know as a whole or cares to know that they helped lay the foundations for a nuclear war Armageddon. Some how the atheist will blame the religions of the world for fomenting Armageddon, when in fact the world is overpopulated and under mineraled to support an expanding world population and at the same time support a U.S.A. western lifestyle so desired by the world.

Some other commenter and interpreters see Mars representing War as a thematic and its expression that it will reign as usual, in light of some form of terror from the sky or defrayment from a region. The restoration of a French king did not take place, nor does linking it to political figures other than the location specified apply to fudging the data-facts. In one chooses Angolmois to represent Pax Mongolia as some form of super eastern ascendancy onto the world’s stage; then Angolmois cannot be a former appenage of in which some European leader had been restored. If Angolmois is to be a former appenage with its subsequent relations to some European restoration in 1999 then the historical data needs to be similarly in thematics. My interpretation is simplistic and by no means easy to understand as most of the factual material related to classification and intelligence gathering. My interpretation is simply the rise of the east and its eventual changing of the geopolitical landscape not only of terra but of space as we as a human race branch out into looking for other worlds in which to live – and our subsequent competition for earthly and extraterrestrial space.

For a lengthy paper on the historiography of X. LXXII, I intend to publish it because there are certain individuals who like to claim Nostradamus plagiarized but they borrow without accreditation numerous contemporary works, thus for protection. In general comments about life, I found numerous leftists at U.C. Berkeley comment that people should not care about others because the apocalypse is coming any moment, such as a earth-extinction-meteor or great quake so why be concerned about helping out the earth. They are very concerned, however, with finding high paying jobs, and buying expensive sedans, and being able to go on expensive vacations and purchase high-quality drugs.